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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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OVERDRIVE

OVERDRIVE :- The purpose of overdrive is to rotate the propeller shaft faster than the speed the engine crankshaft. It is fitted between gear box and propeller shaft.  Construction:  It is basically an epicyclic or planetary Gear. In this 3 types of gear mounted on different shaft.These are sun gear, ring gear & Planet The sun gear mounted on the inherma Shaft which it at Centre. The Planet geart are attached with Planet Carrier. The planet gear in mesh with sun gear and can revolve around at earth revolve around sun. when Planet gears are revolving, Planet Carrier Shaft is also rotating.There if also a ring gear surrounding the planit gear. It has internal teeth which are in mesh with the Planet gear teeth. Working → For overdrive, the planet Carrier is attached to the gear box shaft and sun gear attached yo Propeller shaft Thus the Planet Carrier is the driving memeberand sun gear shaft is a driven member. The ring gear is locked with the help of brake shoe. The spe...
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TORQUE CONVERTER

TORQUE CONVERTER The torque converter gives more torque at its output shaft. This torque multiplication can be upto 3 times.  Construction: A torque converter consists mainly of three components:  (1) Driving member or impeller  (2) Driven member or turbine (3) Fixed member or stator • The impeller is onnected with the input shaft i.e. crank shaft.  • The turbine is connected with the utput shaft ie. impeller shaft.  • The stator is a fixed member and is mounted on the rame.  • The complete unit is sealed and filled with mineral oil which works as power ransfering medin. Working:  When the input shaft starts to rotate, the oil in the impeller is thrown outside due to centrifugal force. This oil having kinetic energy enters the turbine blades and force them to rotate. When a certain level of pressure on turbine blades is reached, it starts to rotate and vehicle starts moving. The oil from turbine blades travel back to impeller and rotate the impeller i...
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SYNCHROMESH GEAR BOX

SYNCHROMESH GEAR BOX -  It is a modified version of constant mesh gear box. In this gear box all the gear on main shaft remain constant mesh with gears on lay shaft. In place of DOG CLUTCH we use synchronising devices. There two synchronising devices. ( like two dog clutch used in constant mesh gear box ).  This device make frictional contact with gear for engagement. CONSTRUCTION:-  The Gear A is mounted on clutch shaft. The gear A is always mesh with gear D which mounted on lay shaft. Gear B and Gear C are mounted on main shaft. Gear B is always mesh with Gear E but Gear C is sliding mesh type. Gear C is meshed with Gear F or Reverse Gear H by sliding. Gear is H is mounted on ildler shaft. Gear H is always mesh with gear G. Between Gear A and Gear B  synchromesh device is mounted. CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONISING DEVICE- It has various parts ( I, J ,S , K ,F). It is fitted on splined shaft and free to slide on it. Part I has teeth on outer surface and mesh with Gear J...
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CONSTANT MEAH GEAR

CONSTANT MESH GEAR BOX -  • CONSTRUCTION:- The gear A mounted on the clutch shaft. The gear E , F , G and H are mounted on on the lay shaft. In this type , the gear E is always meshed with gear A. There is splined main shaft which is in alignment with gear box - shaft. The gear B, C and D rotate freely on the main shaft. There is an idle shaft Gear I is mounted on it. The gear B is always mesh with gear F and gear C is always mesh with gear G. The gear D is called reverse gear is always mesh with gear I which is mesh with gear H. There are two dog clutch D1 & D2 is mounted on main shaft which help in gear shifting. WORKING:-   In this the gear C is called a First gear , and Gear B is called a second gear and gear D is called a reverse gear.   FIRST GEAR - In this , the dog clutch D2 is slided on main shaft in such a way that the teeth of dog clutch are in contact with gear C. That means dog clutch D2 is engaged with gear C. The power of engine is transmitted thro...
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EXPLAIN CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SLIDING MESH GEAR BOX

EXPLAIN CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SLIDING MESH GEAR BOX • CONSTRUCTION - In this the clutch gear which mounted on the clutch shaft. This gear box shaft is attached to the Clutch. The clutch gear A meshed   with lay shaft gear D . Lay shaft is a intermediate shaft. There are 3 gear on lay shaft E,F and G. There is also an idle shaft on which a small idle gear H is mounted. This idle gear used for reversing the direction of vehicles. There is a main shaft which is aligned to the Clutch shaft. The two gear B & C mounted on main shaft in such a way they can slide on main - shaft. SPLINED SHAFT IS ALSO CALLED Min shaft. • WORKING - The   gear A is always rotating when clutch is engaged. The gear D, E ,F ,G and H is also rotate with gear A. Because gear D is always meshed with A. But gear B and C is not meshed with any gear. When drivers need high and low speed the gear B and C is used. FIRST GEAR - In this , the main shaft is slides on which gear  B ,C is mou...
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CLUTCH AND ITS TYPES

CLUTCH - It is a mechanism which transfer rotary motion of one shaft to another shaft. PARTS OF CLUTCH -  • The driving unit • The driven unit  • The operating unit FUNCTION OF CLUTCH • To engage the engine power to Gear box • To Disengage the engine power to Gear box. • To help in shifting the Gear in Gear box. • To   provide a smooth and gradual operates to take up load without jerk. TYPES OF CLUTCH -  SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH:- It is a type of disc clutch. It uses a single disc called clutch plate. CONSTRUCTION -  • It consists of 3 main parts, Flywheel, clutch plate and pressure plate assembly. The flywheel is attached to engine shaft and actas driving member. • The clutch plate is a steel disc. It is connected to splined hub through springs.  The spleen shaft ,which is also a gear box shaft , slides in the hub. There is friction lining on both sides of the steel disc. The lining are either riveted or blinded on the steel disc. • The   press...
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CAMSHAFT Unit -1

CAMSHAFT - A cam is mounted on cam shaft which converts rotary motion camshaft into linear motion of follower. WORKING OF CAMSHAFT - It is located in either the cylinder block or head.if the camshaft is located in the cylinder block and is placed above the crankshaft, the valve are to be opened through lifters, push rod and rockers arm As cam rotate, it pushes up the lifter, which lift the push rod which moves one of the rocker arm up while other pushes the valve down to open it. As the cam rotate, the valve springs forces the valve to close.  TYPES OF CAMSHAFT IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINE:-  1.) SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC)  -  These engines use one cam shaft for opening and closing of valve . they are known as SOHC. It consists of timing gear, or sprocket and timing chain. Sprocket is a like a gear , except that the teeth cut on its periphery. The timing chain fit in the teeth of sprocket. A timing chain and sprocket usually run when the cam shaft is driven by timing c...
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE ( ECM) UNIT-1

ECM - It is a also known as electronic control unit. It serves as decision maker, it uses a program which having set of instructions is designed to inform the system what to do.  It has two main parts:- 1.) Chip- it contains the microprocessors.it also consists of diodes, transistor and other devices. 2.) Memory - we all know memory is used to store data. Electronic control unit is a sealed unit in a protective package. in this pins are used to connect the various circuits of ecu to input and output devices. Their signal are received and sent through terminal in ECM wiring harness connector ECM receives electrical signal from the various sensor. EXHAUST GAS SENSOR - It senses the amount of oxygen in the engine. ENGINE TEMPERATURE SENSOR - It used to sense the coolent sensor. AIR FLOW SENSOR - it maintain the volume of air flowing into the intake manifold. AIR INLET TEMPERATURE SENSOR - It used to measure the temp of air enterring. ENGINE RPM SENSOR - This sensor allow t...
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Electric and Hybrid Vehicles UNIT - 1

• ELECTRIC VEHICLES:- it is one which uses one or more electric motors for propulsion.It may contain battery, solar panel or a generator to convert fuel into electricity. These vehicles came into existence in mid 19th century when electricity is popular. It provides comfort and ease in operation. • HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES:- It is a vehicle which made by combining a conventional ic engine along with an electric propulsion system. There is a variety of hybrid vehicles such as electric cars etc.
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Automobile Introduction UNIT-1

AUTOMOBILE - It is a self- propelled vehicle which is used for the transportation. # PARTS/ COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE- There are two major parts of vehicles. 1.) Body 2.) Chassis 1.) BODY - It is the part of an automobile where passanger can sit or where the cargo can be placed. #.)Cargo- it the load of materials which transported by vehicle. Example:- ( truck body, car body etc. ) 2.) CHASSIS - it is the portion of vehicles without body is called chassi. Or  The bottom part of vehicles in which engine is fitted with power transmission unit is called chassi. Examples :- a.) power transmission system                       b.) Suspension system                        c.) Axles                       d.) Braking system                       e.) Steering system ...
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TYPES OF DERIVES UNIT-1

Derives may be classified into following two ways:-  A.) ACCORDING TO PLACEMENT OF STEERING:-  two types 1.) Right Hand Drive - in this , the steering wheel is fitted towards the right side of vehicle.  Example:- This type of derive is only  found in foreign countries. 2.) Left Hand Drive - in this , the steering wheel is fitted towards the left side of vehicle. Example:- This system used in India. B.) ACCORDING TO DRIVING WHEELS :- 4  1.) Front wheel Drive - In this system, the power of the engine is transmitted to front axle which drives front wheel. Advantage  •   No need propeller shaft. •  simplified linkage are required for clutch and gear box. •  The vehicle is safe against skidding. Disadvantages • Mechanism is kind of  complicated. because front wheel also steer the vehicle. •   It is preferable while going uphill. • The steering is heavy because all the load is at the front. 2.) Rear wheel Drive - in this sy...
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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LANCASHIRE BOILER

LANCASHIRE BOILER -   It is non portable fire tube type horizontal boiler. It consists of cylinder shells with two tubes A and B called Fire Tubes which are symmetrical in dimension. Each Fire Tubes Contain a furnace in front of it, there is a Grate over which fuel is burn. CONSTRUCTION - it is a stationary fire tube internally fired horizontal boiler. These boiler have a cylinder shell of 2m in diameter and it's length varies from 7.5m to 10m . It has two large internal fire tubes having diameter 80cm to 100 cm in which grate is situated. WORKING - The fuel is burn in a fire great and on burning the fuel combustion Process take place The fuel gas enter the main tube by the fire deflector. As the flue gas moves in tubes they heat up the tubes and water which is surrounded the tubes is also heated. After this process water is converted into steam. The steam is taken out from steam supply valve. Application - it is used in sugar mills and chemical industry. ADVANTAGES •  It...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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