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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS

TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS 1. Concentrated or point load 2. Distributed load 3. Couple 1. Concentrated Loads:- This loads acts over small area. 2. Distributed Loads:- It act over finite length of a beam. Such load measured by their intensity which is expressed by the force per unit length of the axis of beam. It has two types A. Uniformly Distributed Load - This load distributed evenly over the entire length of beam. It is abbreviated as U.D.L Unit - kN/m B. Uniformly Varying Load - It is also called triangular load. In this intensity of loading increases or decreases at constant rate along the length of beam. 3. Couple:- Two equal unlike parallel forces that is foce equal in magnitude, with line of action parallel to each other and action in opposite directions are called couple
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Beams And it's Types

BEAM:-   It is a structural member which can take load at right angle. CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM - 1. CANTILEVER BEAM:- In this type of beam one end is fixed and other end is free. 2. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:- In this beam Both end rest freely on support. The load is on both end. 3. OVERHANGING BEAM:- In this beam support are not at the end and both end of beam extended over the support. 4.PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM :- In this beam one end is fixed and other end  is provided with support to resist deflection. This beam is also called restrained beam. 5. FIXED BEAM :- In this beam Both end is rigidly fixed. 6. CONTINUOUS BEAM :-   This beam have more than one support is called continuous beam. TYPES OF END SUPPORT IN BEAM :-  1. FREE SUPPORT:- When the beam rest freely in support is called free support. 2. FIXED BEAM:- When the beam is fixed in position as well as in direction and the support do...
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RESILIENCE

•Strain Energy -  It is the energy stored in a elastic body under load is called strain energy. • RESILIENCE - It is the capacity of elastic body for doing work when load is removed on elastic body. Example - Spring   • PROOF RESILIENCE - It is the maximum strain energy stored in a elastic body upto elastic limit is called proof Resilience. • Modulus of Resilience - It is the ratio of proof Resilience and Volume of the body. MOR - PR/V • Proof Load - It is the maximum load applied to the elastic body without its parmanent deformation is called proof load.
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PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OR PERCENTAGE REDUCTION

Elongation is defined as the length at breaking point expressed as a percentage of its original length. PERCENTAGE ELONGATION:-              PERCENTAGE Reduction in Area:-  
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ULTIMATE STRESS, FACTOR OF SAFETY , Breaking stress,

• Maximum OR Ultimate Tensile stress:-  it Is the ratio of Maximum load on a body to the Original cross section of a body. • WORKING STRESS - it is the ratio of Ultimate stress to suitable Factor of safety (F.O.S). It is also known as allowable stress or permissible stress. • FACTOR OF SAFETY ( F.O.S) - It is the ratio of Ultimate stress to the working stress F.O.S  is depend on following factors :- 1. Degree of safety required 2. Loading type 3.  Degree of economy required 4 . Life span of the body ( structure)  • BREAKING STRESS - It is the load at breaking point  and the Original cross section area of a body.
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POISSON'S RATIO

•LONGITUDINAL STRAIN:- The strain along the direction of applied force is known as Longitudinal strain OR linear strain. •LATERAL STRAIN:- The strain at right angle to the direction of applied force is known as leteral strain or transverse strain. POISSON'S RATIO -  It is the  ratio of leteral as strain to the longitudinal strain . It is denoted by  (µ) or 1/m  Note :- value of POISSON'S RATIO is same in tension and compression.
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ELASTIC LIMIT, ELATIC CONSTANT S

• ELASTICITY:- It is the property by virtue of which the body regaina it's original shape and size after when load is removed. HOOKE'S LAW :- In   1676, Robert Hooke discovered experimentally a basic law in elasticity. This law states that when a material is loaded within limit of proportionality, the strain is directly proportional to stress. Thus Strain, E Stress, o (within limit of proportionality)   ELASTIC CONSTANTS:-  there 3 Elastic constants 1.)Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus: It may defined as the ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain or ratio of compressive stress and compressive strain.  It is denoted by E It has has the same units as that of stress, i.e. N/m², N/mm² or Pa 2.) Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus: The ratio of shear stress and shear strain is known as modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.  This is denoted by G. C or N      G = shear stress (τ)/ shear strain (ϕ.) 3.) BULK MODULUS:- it is the ratio of Norm...
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STRESS STRAIN CURVE

STRESS STRAIN CURVE ( Tensile test for Ductile and Brittle Material)  1.) ( Point A) Limit Of Proportionality-   It may be defined as that  Stress at which the stress-sttrain Curve begin to deviate from the straight line. Point O to A graph is a straight line which  represent stress is proportional to strain. 2. ) Elastic limit  ( point B) -  A to B the material will regain its original shape & Size When load is removed.  The point B is khown as Elastic limit. Elastic limit - it is a maximum limit  of stress which a body sustain and regain its shape and size when load is removed 3.) Yield Point (Point C & D) -  Beyond point B , the Plastic Stage will reach it means on removal of load the material will not be able to recover it's Original shape and size.There are also two yield Point C & D. The point C is called Upper Yield Point. The point D is called Lower Yield Point. The stress corresponding to Yield Points is ...
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CHAPTER-1 (STRESSES AND STRAINS)

Load-   Any external force on a body or workpiece is called Load. S.I Unit - NEWTON (N) Effect of load on a body - if we apply load on body, the shape and size of the body get changed.   CLASSIFICATION OF LOAD -  They are classified as follows. ( 1.)  According to effect produced on the body :  a.) Tensile Load - The load whose effect is to  increase the length of the body is called tensile load. b.) Cmpressive Load - The load whose effect is to decrease the length of the body. c.) Shearing Load - The load whose effect is to cause sliding the one face of the body relative to the other.  d.) Bending Load - The load whose effect is to cause a certain degree of curvature or bend in the body. e.) Twisting Load - The effect produce by two forces which is applied at opposite end of the body so as to cause one end rotate about it's longitudinal axis relative to other. ( 2.)  According to the manner application of load on the body : a.) Dead Load / Static...
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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LANCASHIRE BOILER

LANCASHIRE BOILER -   It is non portable fire tube type horizontal boiler. It consists of cylinder shells with two tubes A and B called Fire Tubes which are symmetrical in dimension. Each Fire Tubes Contain a furnace in front of it, there is a Grate over which fuel is burn. CONSTRUCTION - it is a stationary fire tube internally fired horizontal boiler. These boiler have a cylinder shell of 2m in diameter and it's length varies from 7.5m to 10m . It has two large internal fire tubes having diameter 80cm to 100 cm in which grate is situated. WORKING - The fuel is burn in a fire great and on burning the fuel combustion Process take place The fuel gas enter the main tube by the fire deflector. As the flue gas moves in tubes they heat up the tubes and water which is surrounded the tubes is also heated. After this process water is converted into steam. The steam is taken out from steam supply valve. Application - it is used in sugar mills and chemical industry. ADVANTAGES •  It...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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