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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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TYPES OF LOADS

TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS 1. Concentrated or point load 2. Distributed load 3. Couple 1. Concentrated Loads:- This loads acts over small area. 2. Distributed Loads:-   It act over finite length of a beam. Such load measured by their intensity which is expressed by the force per unit length of the axis of beam. It has two types A. Uniformly Distributed Load - This load distributed evenly over the  entire length of beam. It is abbreviated as U.D.L Unit - kN/m B. Uniformly Varying Load - It is also called  triangular load. In this intensity of loading increases or decreases at constant rate along the length of beam. 3. Couple:- Two equal unlike parallel forces that is foce equal in magnitude, with line of action parallel to each other and action in opposite directions are called couple.
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Supports in beams

TYPES OF END SUPPORT IN BEAM :-  1. FREE SUPPORT:- When the beam rest freely in support is called free support. 2. FIXED BEAM:- When the beam is fixed in position as well as in direction and the support does not allow rotation of beam.   Example:- Garter in home for roof. 3. Hinged support:- In this beam is not fixed and beam can rotate about its axis. Example:- Door hinges 4. Roller Support:- It is the support in which beam is free to move or roll in horizontal direction.
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BEAMS

BEAM:- It is a structural member which can take load at right angle. CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM - 1. CANTILEVER BEAM:- In this type of beam one end is fixed and other end is free. 2. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:- In this beam Both end rest freely on support. The load is on both end. 3. OVERHANGING BEAM:- In this beam support are not at the end and both end of beam extended over the support. 4.PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM :- In this beam one end is fixed and other end is provided with support to resist deflection. This beam is also called restrained beam. 5. FIXED BEAM :- In this beam Both end is rigidly fixed. 6. CONTINUOUS BEAM :- This beam have more than one support is called continuous beam.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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LANCASHIRE BOILER

LANCASHIRE BOILER -   It is non portable fire tube type horizontal boiler. It consists of cylinder shells with two tubes A and B called Fire Tubes which are symmetrical in dimension. Each Fire Tubes Contain a furnace in front of it, there is a Grate over which fuel is burn. CONSTRUCTION - it is a stationary fire tube internally fired horizontal boiler. These boiler have a cylinder shell of 2m in diameter and it's length varies from 7.5m to 10m . It has two large internal fire tubes having diameter 80cm to 100 cm in which grate is situated. WORKING - The fuel is burn in a fire great and on burning the fuel combustion Process take place The fuel gas enter the main tube by the fire deflector. As the flue gas moves in tubes they heat up the tubes and water which is surrounded the tubes is also heated. After this process water is converted into steam. The steam is taken out from steam supply valve. Application - it is used in sugar mills and chemical industry. ADVANTAGES •  It...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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