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Showing posts with the label THERMODYNAMICS - 1

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN Cp and Cv

Relationship Between  Specific Heat Cp and Specific Volume Cv Let us m kg of mass( gas) in a enclosed Container and is being heated at constant pressure. Let   T1=   initial temperature of gas T2 = Final temperature of gas V1= Intial Volume of gas V2=  Final volume of gas CP=   Specific heat at Constant pressure  CV= Specific heat at Constant temp. P  = Absolute  Constant pressure  U = Internal energy  we know that heat suplied to the gas at Constant pressure.                    Q = m Cp (T2−T1)       ------(1) we also khow that a Part of this heat is utilised in doing external work, while the remaining Part of heat is used in increasing the internal energy of ges                         Q= W + dU               -------(2) Now heat utilised for external work.   ...
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steam Generation

1.) NESTLER BOILER:- It is a fire tube boiler Producing steam at a pressure of 12 bar and a temp of about 240° C. The rate of steam generation for this boiler is 550kg/hr. CONSTRUCTION :- IT consists of following components • Boiler sheel • Fire tubes • Centrifugal pump  • stroke box  • Burner • Flue pump The boiler consists of 12mm thick mild steel plat end is welded with one at each end.A large number of fire tubes of 50 mm diameter each are fitted the two end plate in addition to 0.5 m diameter furnace tube which extends from front end plate to real end plate. WORKING :- the burner is provided at the mid of the frunece. At each end of boiler shell, there is a smoke box. In the rear end of smoke box, a deflector arch is provided to divert the flow of flue gas . The Heat is generated by flue gas with high pressure air in burner. The heated air is supplied in fire tubes which is inside the water. This heat , heated the tubes and water. After this process water is...
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introduction Chapter -1

Thermodynamics -  Thermo means heat, dynamic means motion.  Thermodynamics is the field of science which deals with the study about relation between heat , work and energy and their conversation into each other. #) IMPORTANT thermodynamics definitions:- 1.) System - it is defined as the quantity of matter in a space upon which attention is focused for study. 2.) Surroundings - Everything is external to the system is called surroundings. 3.) Boundary - it is kind of envelope which separates the system from surroundings.   4.) Universe - A system and it's surrounding together form a universe. 5.) State - The condition of a system at any instant of time described by its physical properties is known as State. #.) TYPES OF THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM:-  a.) Closed system b.) Open system c.) Isolated system a.) Closed system - when no mass transfer across the system boundry. examples:- 1.Piston  cylinder arrangements containing gas 2.) If we boil the water in closed contain...
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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LANCASHIRE BOILER

LANCASHIRE BOILER -   It is non portable fire tube type horizontal boiler. It consists of cylinder shells with two tubes A and B called Fire Tubes which are symmetrical in dimension. Each Fire Tubes Contain a furnace in front of it, there is a Grate over which fuel is burn. CONSTRUCTION - it is a stationary fire tube internally fired horizontal boiler. These boiler have a cylinder shell of 2m in diameter and it's length varies from 7.5m to 10m . It has two large internal fire tubes having diameter 80cm to 100 cm in which grate is situated. WORKING - The fuel is burn in a fire great and on burning the fuel combustion Process take place The fuel gas enter the main tube by the fire deflector. As the flue gas moves in tubes they heat up the tubes and water which is surrounded the tubes is also heated. After this process water is converted into steam. The steam is taken out from steam supply valve. Application - it is used in sugar mills and chemical industry. ADVANTAGES •  It...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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