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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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Manufacturing of steel ( Bessemer And Open Hearth Process)

Manufacturing of steel ( Bessemer And Open Hearth Process)  1.) BESSEMER PROCESS - It is used for making Steel. Construction - it's is large shape steel plate vessel lined with silica bricks.it can hold 10 tonnes of metal and is supported on trunions. The air is led to the hollow perforated bottom with the help of balst pipe. WORKING - The molten iron from blast furnace is fed into Bessemer converter. First , silicon is oxidised to silica which passes into slag. Then the portion of iron is oxidised then ferric oxide remove s carbon monoxide which burnsat the mouth of converter as an orange yellow flames. After 6 to 8 minutes, the flames sinks which indicates the removal of carbon. The blast is stopped and required amount of Spiegel is added ( it is a method of carburising the metal). The Bessemer converter is charged with molten cast iron in a horizontal position. Then the molten metal poured into the moulds by tilting. A little amount of silicon iron alloy or titanium iron alloy ...
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BLAST FURNACE

#) MANUFACTURING OF PIG IRON BY BLAST FURNACE- The iron produced in blast furnace in molten State is called pig iron. The raw material of pig iron are iron ore,coke & lime stone. Coke is used as fuel and line stone as flux. CONSTRUCTION - It is a tall cylindrical stack ( chimney ) of steel plates with height of 15 to 30 meter and inside diameter 6 to 8 meter. It is lined with silica bricks from inside. In this at the bottom os the stack , there is a furnace hearth which hold the molten metal and slag. Hearth - the floor of fire. Slag is lighter that's why they float on molten metal.There is two nothes in bottom for molten metal and slag. The hot blast air is supplied through tuyeres. Tuyeres- it is a type of nozzle . These are water cooled. The hot gases go out from the top of the furnace through dust catchers for removing dust in hot gas. There is two hopper at the top both have conical shape. The bottom hopper is called a bell.  OPERATION AND WORKING - The hot blast air is s...
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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LANCASHIRE BOILER

LANCASHIRE BOILER -   It is non portable fire tube type horizontal boiler. It consists of cylinder shells with two tubes A and B called Fire Tubes which are symmetrical in dimension. Each Fire Tubes Contain a furnace in front of it, there is a Grate over which fuel is burn. CONSTRUCTION - it is a stationary fire tube internally fired horizontal boiler. These boiler have a cylinder shell of 2m in diameter and it's length varies from 7.5m to 10m . It has two large internal fire tubes having diameter 80cm to 100 cm in which grate is situated. WORKING - The fuel is burn in a fire great and on burning the fuel combustion Process take place The fuel gas enter the main tube by the fire deflector. As the flue gas moves in tubes they heat up the tubes and water which is surrounded the tubes is also heated. After this process water is converted into steam. The steam is taken out from steam supply valve. Application - it is used in sugar mills and chemical industry. ADVANTAGES •  It...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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