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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
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IC ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engines (IC) External Combustion Engines (EC) Combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder. Combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder. They are simple in nature. They are complex in nature. Initial cost is low. Initial cost is high. They have high thermal efficiency. They have low thermal efficiency. Less water is required for heat dissipation. More water is required for heat dissipation. Starting is easy. It takes time to start. These engines require less space. Require large space. Lower ratio of weight to power output. Higher ratio of weight to power output. Used in automobiles, aircraft, etc. Used for large-scale power generation, e.g., steam engines, steam turbin...
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FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
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4 Stroke and 2 stroke engine

Working Principle of 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke Cycle Engines •Four-Stroke Engine :-  The engine that requires four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft to complete the working cycle. •Strokes:- 1. Suction Stroke:- In this stroke, the fuel is supplied to the cylinder. 2. Compression Stroke:- In this stroke, the fuel is compressed in the cylinder. 3. Expansion or Power Stroke: - In this stroke, the fuel is burnt to produce power. 4. Exhaust Stroke:- In this stroke, the burnt gases are exhausted to make space for fresh fuel.  • Two-Stroke Cycle Engine:- The engine that requires two strokes of the piston or one revolution of the crankshaft to complete the working cycle.
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Parts of IC ENGINE

Q-2 Ten Parts of an Internal Combustion Engine 1. Cylinder:- It is a cylindrical vessel where the piston reciprocates. The cylinder is covered with a cylinder head on one side and is open toward the crank on the other side. It is a good conductor of heat and is made of durable materials. 2. Cylinder Head:- It encloses one end of the cylinder and contains the inlet and exhaust valves for the entry of fuel and exit of exhaust gases. 3. Piston:- The piston fits into the cylinder. Its main functions are to compress the fuel during the compression stroke and to transmit the force exerted by gases to the connecting rod. 4. Piston Ring: - These rings are inserted into the circumferential grooves provided on the outer surface of the piston to provide a tight seal between the piston and cylinder wall, preventing leakage of high-pressure gas. 5. Gudgeon Pin:- It connects the piston to the small end of the connecting rod. 6.Connecting Rod:- It connects the piston and crank. Its function is to co...
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POWER TRANSMISSION

Power Transmission Belt and Rope Drives When a wrapping connector takes the form of a band with a thickness small in comparison to its width, it is called a belt. When the cross-section of the wrapping connector is circular, it is called a rope. Types of Belts Type Description Use Flat Belt A belt having a rectangular cross-section. It is used for power transmission when the distance between two pulleys is not more than 8 meters. It is mostly used in factories. V-Belt A belt having a trapezoidal cross-section. It is used for power transmission when two pulleys are close to each other. It is suitable for transmitting large power. Circular or Rope Belt A belt having a circular cross-section. It is used when the distance between two pulleys is more than 8 meters. Advantages and Disadvantages of V...
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Mechanisms Page No 3

Q-9.Kinematic Chain:-  A kinematic chain is a combination of kinematic links in space that are so connected that the relative motion of the links is completely or successfully constrained, and the last link is connected to the first link. Example:- Four bar chain                    Slider Crank Relationship which is good for Kinematie Chain  (No of links )  L = 2P ( no of Pair ) - 4                                  & ( No of joint ) J = 3/2L - 2  Kinematic Chains and Their Constraints A kinematic chain consists of a series of kinematic links connected in such a way that the relative motion between the links is either completely constrained, partially constrained, or unconstrained. This chain can be classified based on the relationship between the number of links (l) and the number of pairs (p). 1. Locked Chain (Structure)   ...
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Mechanisms Page No-2

Criterion Machine (M/C) Structure Energy Transformation It transforms energy It does not transform energy Relative Motion Relative motion between its parts No relative motion between its parts Function of Links In this link, motion and power are transmitted In this link, it carries loads having straining actions Examples: Machine (M/C) Examples: Lathe Shaper Structure Examples: Roof Trusses Q-8.what is constrained motion  And :- The motion which is take place in a definite direction. It has 3 types  1. Completely Constrained Motion:-  Motion occurs in a definite direction regardless of applied force. Example:- Motion of a piston in a cylinder. 2. Incompletely Constrained Motion: - Motion occurs in more than one direction. Example:-  Motion of a pair taking place in various directions. 3.Partially or Successfully Const...
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Mechanisms Page No-1

 1. Machine:-   A machine is a device that receives energy in some available form and utilizes it to perform a specific type of work.   2. Theory of Machines (T.O.M): -  It deals with the study of the relative motion between the various parts of a machine and the forces that act on them. Sub-divisions:- 1.Kinematics of Machines :-  Focuses on the relative motion between the parts of a machine without considering the forces that cause this motion. 2.Dynamics of Machines:-  Focuses on the relative motion between the parts of a machine while considering the forces acting on them when they are in motion. It is subdivided into 2 .  a. Statics:- Deals with the study of forces acting on the various parts of a machine when the parts are at rest.   b. Kinetics:-  Deals with the inertia forces due to mass and motion considerations Q-2: Define Rigid Body Ans:-  A rigid body may be defined as a body which can retain its shape and size when appl...
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LANCASHIRE BOILER

LANCASHIRE BOILER -   It is non portable fire tube type horizontal boiler. It consists of cylinder shells with two tubes A and B called Fire Tubes which are symmetrical in dimension. Each Fire Tubes Contain a furnace in front of it, there is a Grate over which fuel is burn. CONSTRUCTION - it is a stationary fire tube internally fired horizontal boiler. These boiler have a cylinder shell of 2m in diameter and it's length varies from 7.5m to 10m . It has two large internal fire tubes having diameter 80cm to 100 cm in which grate is situated. WORKING - The fuel is burn in a fire great and on burning the fuel combustion Process take place The fuel gas enter the main tube by the fire deflector. As the flue gas moves in tubes they heat up the tubes and water which is surrounded the tubes is also heated. After this process water is converted into steam. The steam is taken out from steam supply valve. Application - it is used in sugar mills and chemical industry. ADVANTAGES •  It...
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TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS

TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS 1. Concentrated or point load 2. Distributed load 3. Couple 1. Concentrated Loads:- This loads acts over small area. 2. Distributed Loads:- It act over finite length of a beam. Such load measured by their intensity which is expressed by the force per unit length of the axis of beam. It has two types A. Uniformly Distributed Load - This load distributed evenly over the entire length of beam. It is abbreviated as U.D.L Unit - kN/m B. Uniformly Varying Load - It is also called triangular load. In this intensity of loading increases or decreases at constant rate along the length of beam. 3. Couple:- Two equal unlike parallel forces that is foce equal in magnitude, with line of action parallel to each other and action in opposite directions are called couple
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TYPES OF LOADS

TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS 1. Concentrated or point load 2. Distributed load 3. Couple 1. Concentrated Loads:- This loads acts over small area. 2. Distributed Loads:-   It act over finite length of a beam. Such load measured by their intensity which is expressed by the force per unit length of the axis of beam. It has two types A. Uniformly Distributed Load - This load distributed evenly over the  entire length of beam. It is abbreviated as U.D.L Unit - kN/m B. Uniformly Varying Load - It is also called  triangular load. In this intensity of loading increases or decreases at constant rate along the length of beam. 3. Couple:- Two equal unlike parallel forces that is foce equal in magnitude, with line of action parallel to each other and action in opposite directions are called couple.
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Supports in beams

TYPES OF END SUPPORT IN BEAM :-  1. FREE SUPPORT:- When the beam rest freely in support is called free support. 2. FIXED BEAM:- When the beam is fixed in position as well as in direction and the support does not allow rotation of beam.   Example:- Garter in home for roof. 3. Hinged support:- In this beam is not fixed and beam can rotate about its axis. Example:- Door hinges 4. Roller Support:- It is the support in which beam is free to move or roll in horizontal direction.
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BEAMS

BEAM:- It is a structural member which can take load at right angle. CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM - 1. CANTILEVER BEAM:- In this type of beam one end is fixed and other end is free. 2. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:- In this beam Both end rest freely on support. The load is on both end. 3. OVERHANGING BEAM:- In this beam support are not at the end and both end of beam extended over the support. 4.PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM :- In this beam one end is fixed and other end is provided with support to resist deflection. This beam is also called restrained beam. 5. FIXED BEAM :- In this beam Both end is rigidly fixed. 6. CONTINUOUS BEAM :- This beam have more than one support is called continuous beam.
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Beams And it's Types

BEAM:-   It is a structural member which can take load at right angle. CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM - 1. CANTILEVER BEAM:- In this type of beam one end is fixed and other end is free. 2. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:- In this beam Both end rest freely on support. The load is on both end. 3. OVERHANGING BEAM:- In this beam support are not at the end and both end of beam extended over the support. 4.PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM :- In this beam one end is fixed and other end  is provided with support to resist deflection. This beam is also called restrained beam. 5. FIXED BEAM :- In this beam Both end is rigidly fixed. 6. CONTINUOUS BEAM :-   This beam have more than one support is called continuous beam. TYPES OF END SUPPORT IN BEAM :-  1. FREE SUPPORT:- When the beam rest freely in support is called free support. 2. FIXED BEAM:- When the beam is fixed in position as well as in direction and the support do...
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RESILIENCE

•Strain Energy -  It is the energy stored in a elastic body under load is called strain energy. • RESILIENCE - It is the capacity of elastic body for doing work when load is removed on elastic body. Example - Spring   • PROOF RESILIENCE - It is the maximum strain energy stored in a elastic body upto elastic limit is called proof Resilience. • Modulus of Resilience - It is the ratio of proof Resilience and Volume of the body. MOR - PR/V • Proof Load - It is the maximum load applied to the elastic body without its parmanent deformation is called proof load.
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PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OR PERCENTAGE REDUCTION

Elongation is defined as the length at breaking point expressed as a percentage of its original length. PERCENTAGE ELONGATION:-              PERCENTAGE Reduction in Area:-  
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ULTIMATE STRESS, FACTOR OF SAFETY , Breaking stress,

• Maximum OR Ultimate Tensile stress:-  it Is the ratio of Maximum load on a body to the Original cross section of a body. • WORKING STRESS - it is the ratio of Ultimate stress to suitable Factor of safety (F.O.S). It is also known as allowable stress or permissible stress. • FACTOR OF SAFETY ( F.O.S) - It is the ratio of Ultimate stress to the working stress F.O.S  is depend on following factors :- 1. Degree of safety required 2. Loading type 3.  Degree of economy required 4 . Life span of the body ( structure)  • BREAKING STRESS - It is the load at breaking point  and the Original cross section area of a body.
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POISSON'S RATIO

•LONGITUDINAL STRAIN:- The strain along the direction of applied force is known as Longitudinal strain OR linear strain. •LATERAL STRAIN:- The strain at right angle to the direction of applied force is known as leteral strain or transverse strain. POISSON'S RATIO -  It is the  ratio of leteral as strain to the longitudinal strain . It is denoted by  (µ) or 1/m  Note :- value of POISSON'S RATIO is same in tension and compression.
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ELASTIC LIMIT, ELATIC CONSTANT S

• ELASTICITY:- It is the property by virtue of which the body regaina it's original shape and size after when load is removed. HOOKE'S LAW :- In   1676, Robert Hooke discovered experimentally a basic law in elasticity. This law states that when a material is loaded within limit of proportionality, the strain is directly proportional to stress. Thus Strain, E Stress, o (within limit of proportionality)   ELASTIC CONSTANTS:-  there 3 Elastic constants 1.)Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus: It may defined as the ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain or ratio of compressive stress and compressive strain.  It is denoted by E It has has the same units as that of stress, i.e. N/m², N/mm² or Pa 2.) Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus: The ratio of shear stress and shear strain is known as modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.  This is denoted by G. C or N      G = shear stress (τ)/ shear strain (ϕ.) 3.) BULK MODULUS:- it is the ratio of Norm...
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.I AND C.I ENGINES

Criteria S.I. Engine (Petrol or Spark Ignition Engine) C.I. Engine (Diesel or Compression Ignition Engine) Working Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle. Mixture During Suction Stroke Takes a mixture of air and petrol during the suction stroke. Takes only air during the suction stroke. Fuel Used Uses petrol as fuel. Uses diesel as fuel. Compression Ratio Has a compression ratio that varies from 6 to 10. Has a compression ratio that varies from 16 to 20. Engine Weight and Cost S.I. engines are lighter and cheaper. C.I. engines are heavier and costlier. Initial Cost Initial cost is lower compared to C.I. engines. Initial cost is high due to high compression ratio. Starting Starting is easy. Starting is difficult, especially in cold conditions. ...
Read more

IC ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engines (IC) External Combustion Engines (EC) Combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder. Combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder. They are simple in nature. They are complex in nature. Initial cost is low. Initial cost is high. They have high thermal efficiency. They have low thermal efficiency. Less water is required for heat dissipation. More water is required for heat dissipation. Starting is easy. It takes time to start. These engines require less space. Require large space. Lower ratio of weight to power output. Higher ratio of weight to power output. Used in automobiles, aircraft, etc. Used for large-scale power generation, e.g., steam engines, steam turbin...
Read more

FIRE AND WATER TUBE BOILER

Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler The rate of steam generation is high, up to 450 tonnes/hr The rate of steam generation is low, up to 9 tonnes/hr It generates steam at high pressure up to 165 bar It generates steam at low pressure, up to 24.5 bar Its overall efficiency is 90% Its overall efficiency is 70% Less water is required for steam generation More water is required for steam generation It is suitable for load fluctuations It is not suitable for load fluctuations Water flows in tubes which are surrounded by fire Fire flows in tubes which are surrounded by water Operating cost is high Operating cost is low Wall thickness is less Wall thickness is more Cost of installation is high Cost of installatio...
Read more